I finally got a new home for my blog.  www.rajatswarup.com will be my new homepage.   In the coming days, I’ll continue blogging while also improving the look & feel of my website.  Any suggestions would be appreciated.

In this post, I will cover a how to for filing a resident’s tax appeal. It’s quite simple. This is not meant to cover all special situations but should cover simple situations if you live in a condo in Jersey City for example. For other situations, review the handbook listed below.
Most importantly – this appeal needs to be in the hands of the folks by Dec 1 2022 otherwise it will be rejected. Therefore, really important to visit the office and hand it over in-person the tax officer said. You could also send it via a certified mail.

Important Links

1. Where to get the appeal form for mid-year added/omitted assessment https://www.state.nj.us/treasury/taxation/pdf/other_forms/lpt/adomap.pdf
2. N/A for mid-year: But if you are filing during the usual time January or Apr for annual tax changes use https://www.hcnj.us/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/a-1-petition-of-appeal.pdf
3. Comparables are obtained from: https://www.zillow.com/b/20-2nd-st-jersey-city-nj-5XkRmF/
4. Appeals handbook: https://secure.njappealonline.com/prodappeals/help/Hudson_InstructionsHandbook.pdf
5. If you are filing an online appeal you can do so at http://www.njappealonline.com/prodappealonline/Home.aspx however, this site only works at certain times of the year. For example, in Nov 2022 the site is not accepting Hudson County appeals for some reason.

How to fill the form:

• The total assessed value of your property = land + improvement assessment values. You find this by going to https://tax1.co.monmouth.nj.us/cgi-bin/prc6.cgi?district=0906&ms_user=monm and clicking on the “year” as shown below.
  
  From the following page that pops up find the land and improvement values for your unit (by looking up your property address).
  

• This is the link for the ratio for Jersey City municipality (max value is 100%) i.e., the cost of the sale price. Minimum value for Common Level Ratio in Jersey City for 2022 is 0.7426 and Max is 1.0. So if your unit value is assessed to be within the maximum and minimum range you do not qualify for an appeal.
  This is where you get the Common Level Ratio values from: https://www.state.nj.us/treasury/taxation/pdf/lpt/chap123/2022ch123.pdf . E.g., let’s say your unit value was assessed to be $1mn and comparative sale prices show that the total value of the unit is $950,000 this sale price is not within $1mn/0.7426 and $1mn/(1.0). This means that you qualify for an appeal. So your taxable value would be $950,000*0.8737 (Avg. value of the Common Level Ratio) = $830,015. At a 2.118% tax rate this would come to $17,580.
• The is what the fields look like:
  Bock / Lot / Qualifier – you get it from your tax bill and also can be obtained from https://tax1.co.monmouth.nj.us/cgi-bin/prc6.cgi?district=0906&ms_user=monm by searching the site via address
• Next go to Zillow (https://www.zillow.com/b/20-2nd-st-jersey-city-nj-5XkRmF/) and find the comparable sales for your unit for the pretax year (if you are appealing 2022 assessment, use 2021 sales). Goto https://tax1.co.monmouth.nj.us/cgi-bin/prc6.cgi?district=0906&ms_user=monm and find the sale dates and add that information to the form.
• The prorated fields in the form can be left out because the county knows those values (so I did not fill those out, the county clerk did that for me)
• Sign and date the form
• You need to send one copy each to the following addresses via post or in-person (if the online system does not work).
  Hudson County Board of Taxation, Hudson County Plaza, 257 Cornelison Ave Room 303, Jersey City NJ 07302. You also need to send one copy to the city: Office of the City Assessor, 364 Martin Luther King Drive, Jersey City NJ 07305. Phone: 201-547-5131.

Update 12/29/2022:

I did go to the Hudson county court and appealed my decision in person. The city representatives were quite polite and the process was quite smooth – you just show up in the court and either accept or reject the city’s proposal. Once the judgment is reached they mail you the judgment which you can appeal for 45 days. After that the decision is binding for 2 years.

In the past few days, coincidentally I’ve been thrown into situations where packet forgery has been required. So I thought it’ll be a great moment to enumerate some good options that network or security professionals have. The basis for most of these tools lies in libnet and libpcap which are some of the most wonderfully functional libraries out there.

• Packetforge-ng – On the wireless side this utility allows you to capture wireless packets and create legitimate packets with a pre-determined payload that can then be replayed using tools such as aireplay-ng
• Scapy – This is a python based tool and can be extended to write custom Python scripts to custom create packets. This library has great functions to form packets layer-by-layer and other functions such as fuzz() that allow fuzzing of packets out of the box. The greatest utility comes by the use of python language to create custom tools. Imagine creating custom thick clients just by using simple python scripts. The capabilities with this library are endless!
• TCPReplay – Just convert your pcaps into traffic by replaying them. An excellent tool but be careful if you’ve sniffed some ARP packets. You could end up corrupting the ARP table entries (unless that’s exactly what your intentions is 😉
• file2air – An excellent tool by Joshua Wright to replay packet contents.
• Packit – A really easy to use and functional linux based packet injection tool.

I have used Michal Zalewski’s Ratproxy on Google code. I like it a lot. But I also like to have it on Windows. But it seems that the makefile that comes with ratproxy is not really compatible with cygwin.
If you have the gcc, make, openssl, openssl-dev packages installed on cygwin, all you need to do is remove the -Wno-pointer flag from the CFLAGS entry from the Makefile.
So my Makefile’s CFLAGS line looks like:

CFLAGS  = -Wall -O3 -D_GNU_SOURCE

I also replaced $(CC) with gcc just because I felt like it. 🙂
Compile it with make command.
Do not forget to dos2unix the ratproxy-report.sh otherwise you will get some errors with ‘\r’ and some other random stuff when you run the report generator shell scripts.
Run ratproxy as :
c:\tools\ratproxy>ratproxy.exe -p 8000 -v c:\testdir -w ratlog -d example.com -extifscfjmXCk
Once you have the log to generate a nice looking pretty report:
bash$ ./ratproxy-report.sh ratlog >reportname.html

Update 06/20/2012:
If you get the error shown below:
ratproxy.c: In function `listen_loop':
ratproxy.c:1635:5: error: incompatible type for argument 2 of `waitpid'
/usr/include/sys/wait.h:43:7: note: expected `__wait_status_ptr_t' but argument
is of type `unsigned int *'
Makefile:30: recipe for target `ratproxy' failed
make: *** [ratproxy] Error 1

Do the following:
1. Go to line # 1635 and change the line to while (waitpid(-1,(int*)&x,WNOHANG) > 0);
2. Goto the command line and type

make

You should be able to compile ratproxy.

I have been trying for the last few weeks to get the Android Kernel source and then build a kernel of my own and then load it into the emulator to try to test out the modules. I spent numerous hours in trying to understand about how to go about it. So here’s a post so I can log all that I did in an effort from going from nothing to having my kernel loaded in the Android Emulator.

There are posts such as the one on eeknay32’s blog and the Stackoverflow post that really helped me in getting started. Also there is a HOWTO in the qemu documentation located at external/qemu/docs/KERNEL.TXT

I first started to follow the directions from here but this is only to get the source code of the Android SDK and other tools and to compile those. That was not initially my goal because getting the source of the tools and SDK was not my goal. Don’t bother downloading this (you could get the tools pre-compiled) unless you really want to compile the tools on your own.

The following steps will help you compile the code for the Android emulator and other tools:
sudo apt-get install git-core gnupg flex bison gperf build-essential \
zip curl zlib1g-dev libc6-dev lib32ncurses5-dev ia32-libs \
x11proto-core-dev libx11-dev lib32readline5-dev lib32z-dev \
libgl1-mesa-dev g++-multilib mingw32 tofrodos python-markdown \
libxml2-utils xsltproc
mkdir ~/bin
export PATH=~/bin:$PATH
curl https://dl-ssl.google.com/dl/googlesource/git-repo/repo > ~/bin/repo
chmod a+x ~/bin/repo
cd src
repo init -u https://android.googlesource.com/platform/manifest -b android-2.3_r1
repo sync
. build/envsetup.sh
lunch full-eng


Now going to our main goal.

Get the Android source
git clone https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/goldfish.git goldfish
cd goldfish
Put the cross compilation toolchain into your path and also put the tools (emulator, android tools etc) in your path:
export PATH=$PATH:~/bin:~/bin/src/prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.4.3/bin:/root/bin/src/out/host/linux-x86/bin
make ARCH=arm goldfish_defconfig
make ARCH=arm SUBARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-eabi- -j4
This is a good resource on different errors you could encounter. If you get a message “zImage is ready” you are good to load this image into the emulator to have a running emulator.
Before you run the android tool you need to first set an environment variable otherwise the tool will complain that ANDROID_SWT is not set.
export ANDROID_SWT=/root/bin/src/prebuilt/linux-x86_64/swt

Now you have to download some of the SDK Framework from the Google website so that you can create your own Android Virtual Device (AVD). Without downloading the SDK platform you will get no output when you issue the following command:
android list targets
After you get the right ANDROID platform you can issue the following commands:
android create avd -n my_android1.5 -t 1
emulator -kernel ~/bin/kern/kernel-common/goldfish/arch/arm/boot/zImage -show-kernel -verbose @my_android1.5
Now you should have a running emulator with your shiny new kernel.
Now if you want to compile your own kernel module and load it into the emulator at runtime then you need to use Android Debug Bridge (ADB) tool. See this post, where the author creates a kernel module. For me I had to modify the Makefile a little as shown below:
VERSION = 2
PATCHLEVEL = 6
SUBLEVEL = 29
EXTRAVERSION = -00054-g5f01537
obj-m += hello.o
KDIR=/root/bin/kern/kernel-common/goldfish
PWD := $(shell pwd)
all:
make -C $(KDIR) ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=/root/bin/src1/prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.4.0/bin/arm-eabi- SUBDIRS=$(PWD) modules

clean:
make -C $(KDIR) ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=/root/bin/src1/prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.4.0/bin/arm-eabi- SUBDIRS=$(PWD) clean

Issue the make command from the directory where you have your makefile and the sources to get hello.ko.
See the partition not mounted as read only by searching for “rw” mount mode by issuing the following command:
/root/bin/src/out/host/linux-x86/bin/adb shell mount
/root/bin/src/out/host/linux-x86/bin/adb push hello.ko /data
/root/bin/src/out/host/linux-x86/bin/adb insmod /data/hello.ko

Web services security has been very much talked about in the recent times. Especially, with the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) gaining increasing importance. One of the interesting ways to protect these web services encapsulated in SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is using digital client-side authentication certificates. Programmers typically use Java Key Store (.JKS) files to establish connectivity to these applications. However, if we want to create a custom client using some scripting it creates an issue as we tend to use languages such as perl, bash, etc. to create connectivity. So I ran into this excellent tool called KeyTool IUI. This tool helps you import the Java Key Store (Tools -> Keystore Manager -> JKS Keystore) and export it in the PKCS#12, X.509 PEM, and DER formats. You can further use OpenSSL to change the formats as you please or separate out the components of the certificates.
You could even take these certificates in X.509 or PFX formats and convert into JCEKS, JKS formats! Pretty cool huh? 🙂 Nice software!

I recently purchased 2x2GB Memory upgrades for my fantastic Dell XPS M1210. To upgrade the memory there were 2 slots one located at the base of the laptop (the black bottom) and the other was located below the keypad. I searched a lot on the Internet but could not find the location of the 2nd slot.
The owner’s manual also did not mention the location of the DIMM B slot (the 2nd memory slot). See the details on the manual about how to remove the keyboard to reach the 2nd memory slot.
The key to reach the 2nd slot is to first remove the hinge cover (the cover that has three button saying Power, “Media Direct”, etc.). The hinge cover is not screwed so you can just lever it up using a thin, flat object and pop-it up, remove the three screws fixing the keyboad, pulling the keyboad out and right in the middle you will see the memory slot.
Hopefully, this post will help someone upgrading memory on their Dell XPS M1210.